Flavonoids are natural plant substances found in many fruits, vegetables, herbs and teas. They give plants their vibrant colors and fulfill a protective function. This scientific overview summarizes current findings on how flavonoids also have a protective effect in the human body – in particular against arteriosclerosisthe gradual calcification and narrowing of the blood vessels.
The evaluation of numerous laboratory and clinical studies shows: Flavonoids can inhibit inflammation, reduce oxidative stress, regulate blood lipids and protect the inner wall of blood vessels (endothelial function). They also influence important signaling pathways that are involved in the formation of deposits in the arteries.
Certain flavonoid groups, such as quercetin (from onions and apples), catechins (from green tea), hesperidin (from citrus fruits) and anthocyanins (from berries) proved to be particularly effective. These substances can help to lower blood pressure and cholesterol, maintain vascular elasticity and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Conclusion: Plant flavonoids have a protective effect on the heart and blood vessels in a variety of ways. A diet rich in plant-based foods or flavonoid-based supplements can make an important contribution to vascular health.
Background
Arteriosclerosis is the main cause of heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular disease. It is caused by chronic inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism disorders and endothelial damage. Plant flavonoids belong to the group of polyphenols and are the subject of intensive research due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and vasoprotective properties. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of the molecular mechanisms, preclinical findings and clinical observations on flavonoid-based protection against arteriosclerosis.
Mechanisms of action
Flavonoids intervene at several key points in atherogenesis:
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Antioxidant protection: neutralization of free radicals and prevention of the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, a key trigger for plaque formation.
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Inhibition of inflammation: Inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, which are responsible for the production of pro-inflammatory messenger substances (e.g. IL-6, TNF-α).
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Vascular protection: Preservation of endothelial function through activation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, improvement of vascular width and reduction of vascular stiffness.
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Lipid regulation: reduction of total and LDL cholesterol, increase of HDL and improvement of lipid uptake in the liver.
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Antithrombotic effects: Inhibition of platelet aggregation and improvement of blood flow properties.
Preclinical evidence
Animal models showed that flavonoid-rich extracts significantly slowed the progression of arteriosclerosis. They reduced inflammatory markers, inhibited the formation of oxidized LDLs and stabilized existing plaques. In addition, they improved the elasticity of the vessel wall and promoted the regeneration of endothelial cells.
Clinical evidence
Clinical studies support these findings:
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Quercetin lowered inflammation markers and blood pressure levels in people with metabolic syndrome.
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Hesperidin improved vascular elasticity and lowered blood lipids.
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Catechins from green tea and anthocyanins from berries reduced LDL oxidation and improved vascular tone.
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A diet rich in flavonoids was associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and vascular calcification.
Molecular target structures
Flavonoids influence central cellular signaling pathways, including:
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AMPK (energy balance and fat metabolism)
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SIRT1 (ageing, oxidative stress)
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PPAR-γ (lipid metabolism, glucose uptake)
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Nrf2 (antioxidant defense mechanisms)
These multifunctional effects explain the broad protective effect on the heart, blood vessels and metabolism.
Conclusion
Flavonoids have a multifactorial anti-atherosclerotic effect: they reduce inflammation, improve lipid profiles, promote vascular health and protect against oxidative damage. Their versatility and good tolerability make them a valuable option in the prevention and concomitant treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
The combined approach – diet with flavonoid-rich foods and targeted supplementation – appears to be particularly effective in slowing down the progression of arteriosclerosis and maintaining vascular function in the long term.